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Spirit Discovers "New" Highest Peak in "Columbia Hills"

March 02, 2006

Factoid: Hawaii's Mauna Kea volcano may not seem very tall compared with Mt. Everest, but if measured from the ocean floor, Mauna Kea would tower above Earth's "tallest peak" by a good 4,000 feet (1,220 meters).

Take-home message: Looks can be deceiving.

NASA's Mars Exploration Rover Spirit has confronted a martian version of "things being not quite what they seem," though on a much smaller scale. From Spirit's distant landing site out on the plains of Gusev Crater, the highest peak in the "Columbia Hills" appeared to be "Husband Hill."

In this approximate true-color image of the landscape of Mars taken from Spirit's landing site, the edges of the lander airbags are visible at the bottom of the frame. Above that is a reddish, rock-strewn surface and tiny, horizontal sand ridges stretching off toward the horizon at the top of the image. On the horizon, beneath a pink sky, are 7 peaks labeled with the names of the astronauts of the space shuttle Columbia, from left to right: Anderson Hill, Brown Hill, Chawla Hill, Clark Hill, Husband Hill, McCool Hill, and Ramon Hill. At the top of the image is a label that reads: 'Columbia Hills Complex.'
Looks Can Be Deceiving
In this image of the "Columbia Hills" in Gusev Crater on Mars, "Husband Hill" is 3.1 kilometers distant; "McCool Hill" is 4.2 kilometers away. From this vantage point, "Husband Hill" appears taller than "McCool Hill" because it is closer. Spirit took this mosaic of images with the panoramic camera at the beginning of February, 2004, less than a month after landing on Mars. Image credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Cornell
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After making a trek to the "Columbia Hills," Spirit has been traversing and studying slopes, rocks, and sand deposits there for more than a year. New measurements from Spirit show that "McCool Hill" is about 85 feet (26 meters) taller than its neighbor, "Husband Hill." And, indeed, digital maps created from orbital images tell a similar story. At first, "McCool Hill," partly blocked from view, appeared smaller.

The revised estimates illustrate the importance of location as well as number of measurements. Generally speaking, the more measurements, the better. Even then, there's room for error.

For instance, using the 27 Earth-orbiting satellites in the Global Positioning System (GPS), a team of scientists measured the summit of Mt. Everest at 29,035 feet (8,850 meters) above sea level – plus or minus 7 feet (2 meters), that is.

What's difficult to pinpoint on Earth is even more challenging on Mars - there are only three working orbiters above Mars, and no synchronized GPS.

In this photograph, Ron Li smiles for the camera as he kneels on rocks and sand in front of a rover exactly like the two sent to Mars. Li has short, black hair and wire-rimmed glasses with rounded, rectangular rims. He is wearing blue jeans and a light blue, long-sleeved shirt.
Ron Li
Geographic Information Systems expert Ron Li (shown with an Earthbound rover model), and a team of assistants calculated the height of "McCool Hill" using both orbital measurements and ground-based measurements from the rover Spirit. Image credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/OSU
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Applying Mathematical Logic

Though it may not make any difference to the geologic history of Mars, some mission team members have an avid interest in knowing which peak is highest.

"McCool Hill will be a historical landmark for Spirit," says Dr. Ron Li, a member of the rover science team as well as a Geographic Information Systems expert and professor at Ohio State University. "She will likely spend the upcoming martian winter there exploring the north-facing slope."

Knowing more about the characteristics of each hill also holds a special appeal. To reference the hills in mission planning, team members dubbed each hill in honor of the astronauts from the fallen Columbia space shuttle.

The first people to suspect a discrepancy in the measurements were rover engineer Dr. Chris Leger, who climbs mountains in his spare time, and image processing specialist Bob Deen. In panoramic images taken by Spirit from the summit of "Husband Hill," they noticed that "McCool Hill" appeared higher.


This picture shows Bob Deen, a round-faced, blue-eyed man wearing oval, wire-rimmed glasses, seated in front of two computer screens. He points to a black-and-white image of 'McCool Hill' that has a grid of lines emplaced upon it.
Bob Deen
At NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, image processing specialist Bob Deen points to a horizontal line representing the elevation of the rover's cameras projected onto "McCool Hill." Separated from the Spirit rover by a distance of about 1 kilometer (0.62 mile), the peak stood high enough above the line to suggest "McCool" was indeed taller, even given a reasonable margin of error. Image credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Cornell
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Measurements Subject to Improvement

Leger researched elevation angles in images from Spirit's panoramic cameras and estimated the peak of "McCool Hill" to be about six-tenths of a mile (1 kilometer) away and 1.3 degrees higher than the summit of "Husband Hill." Using trigonometry, he made a quick calculation that showed a difference in elevation of 74.2 feet (22.6 meters).

Trigonometry is the branch of mathematics that covers relationships between the sides and angles of triangles. One of its benefits is that, if you know the distance to the foot of a mountain and you can measure the angle between your location and the summit, you can calculate a mountain's height.

Li and his team then calculated the actual height of "McCool Hill" above the surrounding plains based on ground and satellite data. They used the science of photogrammetry (obtaining reliable measurements through photographs) to estimate the hill's dimensions from stereo (three-dimensional) views taken by Spirit rover and a DTM (Digital Terrain Model), which is derived by USGS from images of the Mars Orbital Camera on the Mars Global Surveyor orbiter.

For measuring the surface dimensions of Earth features, Global Positioning System satellites use trigonometry too. Two points on the satellite's path, together with an unknown point on the planet's surface, form the corners of a triangle. After measuring the distance to the unknown point, it's possible to pinpoint the precise location of the unknown point using sines and cosines – ratios in trigonometry.

Mars Global Surveyor data helped scientists use the same technique. By comparing orbital measurements of "Husband Hill" to Spirit's surface measurements, which are more accurate than measurements from farther away, Li's team was able to improve height estimates for "McCool Hill."

"McCool" Is Taller

Recent measurements from Spirit indicate that "Husband Hill" is 351 feet (107 meters) higher than the point where Spirit landed on the surrounding plains. Li's team further estimated "McCool Hill" to be 436 feet (133 meters)--85 feet higher than its neighbor--above Spirit's landing site.

At the bottom of this image, the leading edges of the rover's solar panels and the top of the mast appear. Above that is a sandy, drift-covered surface dotted with flat-lying boulders. Above that and toward the right, upper corner of the image are the top edges of two gently sloping peaks; the nearest is 'McCool Hill.' Above that is a peach-colored sky.
Closer Look at "McCool Hill"
Rising above the horizon in the distance to the right of the rover is the somewhat taller summit of "McCool Hill." Spirit took this mosaic panorama of images from the summit of "Husband Hill" in November, 2005. Image credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Cornell
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Like climbing skills, all measurements are subject to improvement. Depending on the quality of the data from Spirit and the Mars Global Surveyor orbiter, the revised height for "McCool Hill" has an estimated margin of error of about a dozen to a hundred feet (a few meters to a few tens of meters).

For a hiker with a heavy load, a potential error of 100 feet might seem significant. For Spirit, it doesn't much matter as long as the rover's solar panels are facing the sun. Still, even though "McCool Hill" and "Husband Hill" may seem minuscule next to Mt. Everest, they are far and away the tallest peaks ever climbed by an explorer on Mars.